{"id":14339,"date":"2026-02-19T17:19:26","date_gmt":"2026-02-19T16:19:26","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.fayence-steinzeug-vogt.de\/de\/?p=14339"},"modified":"2026-03-06T13:19:20","modified_gmt":"2026-03-06T12:19:20","slug":"evangelists-glass-beaker-ca-1670","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.fayence-steinzeug-vogt.de\/en\/evangelists-glass-beaker-ca-1670\/","title":{"rendered":"Evangelists' Glass Beaker ca. 1670"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Enamelled Glass and Protestant Devotion in late 17th century<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
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Seltener Evangelisten-Humpen um 1670, mit bunten Emailfarben bemalt, H. 15 cm

Abgebildet in: Bemalte Gl\u00e4ser von Franz Carl Lipp, 1974, Farbtafel VII<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Very rare Evangelisten Humpen<\/strong> (Evangelists’ beaker) circa 1670, featuring polychrome enamel decoration. The object displays the four Evangelists with their traditional symbolic attributes and is an example of 17th century glasses embellished with Biblical themes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Enamelled Glass – 16th to 18th Centuries<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

The refinement of glass through enamelling was already practised in the late sixteenth century. The technique was highly demanding. Enamel colours consist of low-melting, finely ground, colourless glass to which colouring metal oxides or salts are added. A distinction is made between transparent and opaque colours. These are applied with a brush as a glass flux\u2014that is, after heating\u2014to the fully formed vessel. Subsequently, the colours must be fired and thus made permanent. At temperatures of 800\u00b0C to 850\u00b0C, the glass layer fuses with the glass surface. Until the 1670s, the vessel was held a second time in the fire or over the melt in the heat of the furnace opening. Considerable experience and sensitivity were required for this working step, as there was a risk of deformation of the glass body under renewed exposure to heat. Thereafter, with the introduction of the enamelling kiln, also known as a muffle furnace, the enamel could be fused at temperatures around 500\u00b0C.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Locations of glass production in Europe <\/strong>
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German enameled glass
The Edwin J. Beinecke collection and
related pieces
Axel von Saldern
Corning Museum of Glass, 1965<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Schematic map showing principal locations<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iconography of the Evangelists<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

The Evangelists’ symbols derive from the vision in Ezekiel 1:5-10 and Revelation 4:6-8.
In post-Reformation Germany, such religious imagery could affirm Lutheran Protestant faith.<\/p>\n\n\n\n